The purpose of this study was to contently analyze the training textbooks used in teacher training centers based on DECLARATIVE and procedural KNOWLEDGE. This research was of a content analysis type and quantitative content analysis method was used, here. All training courses used in teacher training centers were chosen as the statistical population. The sample and the population were equal in terms of the number. Data, then, was analyzed by means of descriptive statistics as percentage, frequency, and chi- square. The findings showed that general psychology book has the highest level of DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE and the least amount of procedural KNOWLEDGE; whereas, mathematics teaching book has the highest level of procedural KNOWLEDGE and the least amount of DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE.

Introduction: Considered as an important factor in communication, prosody is composed of a number of features including intonation, pitch, stress, rhythm and duration, among others. Intonation is the variation of pitch in the course of producing a sentence. In this study, fundamental frequency range was defined as the minimum and maximum amounts of fundamental frequency one can produce when speaking a sentence. The aim of the present study was to evaluate two aspects of prosody, namely, fundamental frequency range and intonation contour in DECLARATIVE sentences expressed by normal Farsi-speaking adults through laboratory procedures. Materials and Methods: Participants of this cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study were 134 males and females, aging between 18 to 30 years, who natively spoke Farsi. Voice samples obtained by having each subject produce 2 DECLARATIVE sentences were analyzed by Dr. Speech program (real analysis software). Data were statistically analyzed via unilateral analysis variance and intonation contour was drawn for each of these sentences. Results: The intonation contour was similar among two sex groups. However, fundamental frequency range of males during speaking the sentences significantly differed from that produced by female subjects (P≤0.001). Conclusion: The intonation contour of DECLARATIVE sentences was characterized by a falling status at the end of the sentence. Females showed much more changes in fundamental frequency in order to transfer DECLARATIVE state in their expressions than males did.

Semantics is one of the important branches of rhetorical sciences. It plays a significant role in the expression of speech and serves as a key tool for analyzing discourse and understanding the meaning hidden behind phrases. In this context, the secondary functions of DECLARATIVE and informative sentences hold an important place in the field of semantics. They are among the rhetorical techniques that deepen the literary dimensions of speech. Nahj al-Balaghah and its wisdoms are filled with DECLARATIVE (news) sentences in which rhetorical functions and deeper meanings are also evident. In other words, to enhance the rhetorical structure of the text, the speaker employs DECLARATIVE constructions not only to convey information but also to express secondary rhetorical functions such as persuasion, warning, boasting, command, prohibition, and more. This research aims to answer the question: What secondary functions of DECLARATIVE sentences are used in the wisdoms of Nahj al-Balaghah, and what is their intended effect? To address this question, a descriptive-analytical method was employed. The study attempts to explain the rhetorical functions and secondary functions of DECLARATIVE sentences in a selection of the wisdoms of Nahj al-Balaghah, in order to highlight the eloquence and rhetorical depth of the Imam’s (AS) speech. It also aims to shed light on the various dimensions of these secondary functions, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding and analysis of these wisdoms. The findings of the study indicate that most of the wisdoms in Nahj al-Balaghah utilize DECLARATIVE sentence structures, and rhetorical functions such as persuasion, prohibition, condemnation, and encouragement appear with the highest frequency.

Rhetoric is the science which evaluates the eloquence of discourse. Through the rules of this science, any discourse is evaluated as to three aspects of Ma’ani (rhetorical figures), Bayan (utterance) and Badi’ (figures of speech). Ma’ani is one of the main branches of rhetoric which studies different aspects of a sentence such as its secondary meanings and its relevance to the situation. Persian scholars of rhetoric have always paid attention to Arabic rhetorical books. Negligence of grammatical and rhetorical differences between Persian and Arabic has led to some mistakes regarding definitions, divisions and examples. The category Enshaye Gheire Talabi (DECLARATIVEs in the form of performative or a performative with DECLARATIVE interpretation) is one of the issues which has not been defined and delineated clearly in rhetorical books. Analyzing such a category in the field of Ma’ani, this study aims at explaining its position with regard to grammatical and semantic characteristics of various kinds of performatives.